Research library
The literature behind each compound.
88 publications across 32 compounds, each linked to PubMed or the publisher. These are provided as reference material for laboratories and are not claims about any product sold here.
Dermal & Cosmetic Research
Copper peptides, signal peptides and melanocortin analogues studied in skin, collagen and pigmentation models.
GHK-CuCopper tripeptide
FEBS Letters · 1988
Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, et al.
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition · 2008
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · 2012
The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive healthPickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A
AHK-CuCopper tripeptide
Archives of Pharmacal Research · 2007
The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitroPyo HK, Yoo HG, Won CH, et al.
ArgirelineAcetyl hexapeptide-8
International Journal of Cosmetic Science · 2002
A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activityBlanes-Mira C, Clemente J, Jodas G, et al.
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2013
The anti-wrinkle efficacy of argireline, a synthetic hexapeptide, in Chinese subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled studyWang Y, Wang M, Xiao S, et al.
MatrixylPalmitoyl pentapeptide-4
International Journal of Cosmetic Science · 2005
Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skinRobinson LR, Fitzgerald NC, Doughty DG, et al.
Biomolecules & Therapeutics · 2014
Dermal Stability and In Vitro Skin Permeation of Collagen Pentapeptides (KTTKS and palmitoyl-KTTKS)Choi YL, Park EJ, Kim E, et al.
Journal of Cosmetic Science · 2019
Effect of Palmitic Acid Conjugation on Physicochemical Properties of Peptide KTTKS: A Preformulation StudyMortazavi SM, Kobarfard F, Maibach HI, et al.
Melanotan IAfamelanotide · α-MSH analogue
Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · 1997
Skin pigmentation and pharmacokinetics of melanotan-I in humansUgwu SO, Blanchard J, Dorr RT, et al.
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · 2015
Afamelanotide (CUV1647) in dermal phototoxicity of erythropoietic protoporphyriaMinder EI, Schneider-Yin X
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · 1998
Discovery and development of novel melanogenic drugs. Melanotan-I and -IIHadley ME, Hruby VJ, Blanchard J, et al.
Melanotan IICyclic α-MSH analogue
Life Sciences · 1996
Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical studyDorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, et al.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior · 2006
The melanocortin agonist, melanotan II, enhances proceptive sexual behaviors in the female ratRössler AS, Pfaus JG, Kia HK, et al.
PT-141Bremelanotide · MC4R agonist
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2003
PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunctionMolinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, et al.
EpithalonTetrapeptide AEDG
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2003
Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cellsKhavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA
International Journal of Cancer · 2002
Inhibitory effect of the peptide epitalon on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic miceAnisimov VN, Khavinson VK, Provinciali M, et al.
Molecules · 2020
AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic MechanismKhavinson V, Diomede F, Mironova E, et al.
Tissue Repair Research
Compounds studied in tendon, ligament, gut and vascular injury models.
BPC-157Pentadecapeptide
World Journal of Gastroenterology · 2004
Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in ratsXue XC, Wu YJ, Gao MT, et al.
Neural Regeneration Research · 2022
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous systemVukojevic J, Milavić M, Perović D, et al.
Burns · 2005
The stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, given locally, improves CO2 laser healing in miceBilic M, Bumber Z, Blagaic AB, et al.
TB-500Thymosin β4 fragment
FASEB Journal · 2003
The actin binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesisPhilp D, Huff T, Gho YS, et al.
FASEB Journal · 2010
Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequencesSosne G, Qiu P, Goldstein AL, et al.
The EMBO Journal · 1996
The actin binding site of thymosin beta 4 mapped by mutational analysisVan Troys M, Dewitte D, Goethals M, et al.
KPVα-MSH tripeptide
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · 2008
Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel diseaseKannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · 2003
Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptidesGetting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M
Gastroenterology · 2008
PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammationDalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, et al.
LL-37Human cathelicidin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 1995
FALL-39, a putative human peptide antibiotic, is cysteine-free and expressed in bone marrow and testisAgerberth B, Gunne H, Odeberg J, et al.
Blood · 2001
Human cathelicidin, hCAP-18, is processed to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by extracellular cleavage with proteinase 3Sørensen OE, Follin P, Johnsen AH, et al.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · 2006
LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptidesDürr UH, Sudheendra US, Ramamoorthy A
Thymosin Alpha-1Immune-signalling peptide
World Journal of Virology · 2020
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literatureDominari A, Hathaway D 3rd, Pandav K, et al.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases · 2015
Thymosin alpha1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysisLi C, Bo L, Liu Q, et al.
Vitamins and Hormones · 2016
Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 TreatmentKing R, Tuthill C
Metabolic Research
Incretin analogues, amylin analogues and mitochondrial-derived peptides used in metabolism and body-composition research.
RetatrutideGIP / GLP-1 / glucagon triple agonist
Lancet · 2022
LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trialUrva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al.
The New England Journal of Medicine · 2023
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity: A Phase 2 TrialJastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al.
Lancet · 2023
Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USARosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff AM, et al.
TirzepatideGIP / GLP-1 dual agonist
Molecular Metabolism · 2018
LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of conceptCoskun T, Sloop KW, Loghin C, et al.
The New England Journal of Medicine · 2021
Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 DiabetesFrías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al.
The New England Journal of Medicine · 2022
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of ObesityJastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.
SemaglutideGLP-1 receptor agonist
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · 2015
Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue SemaglutideLau J, Bloch P, Schäffer L, et al.
The New England Journal of Medicine · 2016
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 DiabetesMarso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.
The New England Journal of Medicine · 2021
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or ObesityWilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al.
CagrilintideLong-acting amylin analogue
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · 2021
Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin AnalogueKruse T, Hansen JL, Dahl K, et al.
Lancet · 2021
Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trialLau DCW, Erichsen L, Francisco AM, et al.
Lancet · 2021
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2·4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trialEnebo LB, Berthelsen KK, Kankam M, et al.
MOTS-cMitochondrial-derived peptide
Cell Metabolism · 2015
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistanceLee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al.
Free Radical Biology and Medicine · 2016
MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolismLee C, Kim KH, Cohen P
Aging Cell · 2015
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c: a player in exceptional longevity?Fuku N, Pareja-Galeano H, Zempo H, et al.
AOD-9604hGH fragment 176–191
Hormone Research · 2000
Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormoneNg FM, Sun J, Sharma L, et al.
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders · 2001
Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragmentHeffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, et al.
Drug Testing and Analysis · 2015
Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604Cox HD, Smeal SJ, Hughes CM, et al.
5-Amino-1MQNNMT inhibitor · small molecule
Biochemical Pharmacology · 2018
Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in miceNeelakantan H, Vance V, Wetzel MD, et al.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · 2021
Development and validation of LC-MS/MS assay for 5-amino-1-methyl quinolinium in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic and oral bioavailability studiesAwosemo O, Neelakantan H, Watowich S, et al.
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · 2021
Small molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase shows anti-proliferative activity in HeLa cellsAkar S, Duran T, Azzawri AA, et al.
TesamorelinGHRH(1–44) analogue
Annals of Pharmacotherapy · 2012
Tesamorelin: a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue for HIV-associated lipodystrophySpooner LM, Olin JL
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 2010
Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension dataFalutz J, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, et al.
AIDS · 2008
Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulationFalutz J, Allas S, Mamputu JC, et al.
Growth Hormone Secretagogues
GHRH analogues and ghrelin-receptor agonists studied for growth hormone release in laboratory models.
IpamorelinPentapeptide GHS-R agonist
European Journal of Endocrinology · 1998
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogueRaun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al.
Growth Hormone & IGF Research · 1999
Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in ratsJohansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, et al.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · 1998
A new series of highly potent growth hormone-releasing peptides derived from ipamorelinAnkersen M, Johansen NL, Madsen K, et al.
SermorelinGHRH(1–29) amide
BioDrugs · 1999
Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiencyPrakash A, Goa KL
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 1996
Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapyThorner M, Rochiccioli P, Colle M, et al.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · 1983
In vivo biological potency of rat and human growth hormone-releasing factor and fragments of human growth hormone-releasing factorWehrenberg WB, Ling N
Kisspeptin-10KISS1R agonist decapeptide
Journal of Neuroendocrinology · 2004
Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axisThompson EL, Patterson M, Murphy KG, et al.
Journal of Cell Science · 2004
Kisspeptin-10, a KiSS-1/metastin-derived decapeptide, is a physiological invasion inhibitor of primary human trophoblastsBilban M, Ghaffari-Tabrizi N, Hintermann E, et al.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · 2011
Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in menGeorge JT, Veldhuis JD, Roseweir AK, et al.
Cognitive & Sleep Research
Neuropeptides investigated in cognition, stress and sleep-regulation studies.
SemaxACTH(4–7) heptapeptide analogue
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2003
Effect of Semax peptide on survival of cultured rat pheochromocytoma cells during oxidative stressSafarova ER, Shram SI, Zolotarev YA, et al.
Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · 2004
The neuroprotective effects of Semax in conditions of MPTP-induced lesions of the brain dopaminergic systemLevitskaya NG, Sebentsova EA, Andreeva LA, et al.
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · 2010
Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemiaDmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, Skvortsova VI, et al.
SelankTuftsin analogue heptapeptide
Protein and Peptide Letters · 2018
Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological ActivityVyunova TV, Andreeva L, Shevchenko K, et al.
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2022
Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in RatsKonstantinopolsky MA, Chernyakova IV, Kolik LG
DSIPDelta sleep-inducing peptide
Journal of Neurochemistry · 2006
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddleKovalzon VM, Strekalova TV
Peptides · 1986
Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): an updateGraf MV, Kastin AJ
Experientia · 1981
The influence of synthetic DSIP (delta-sleep-inducing-peptide) on disturbed human sleepSchneider-Helmert D, Schoenenberger GA
Cellular & Immune Research
Cofactors, antioxidants, antimicrobial peptides and immune-signalling peptides for cell-biology research.
NAD+Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental · 2022
Regulation of NAD(+) metabolism in aging and diseaseChu X, Raju RP
Ageing Research Reviews · 2018
NAD metabolism: Implications in aging and longevityYaku K, Okabe K, Nakagawa T
International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2023
The Central Role of the NAD+ Molecule in the Development of Aging and the Prevention of Chronic Age-Related Diseases: Strategies for NAD+ ModulationPoljšak B, Kovač V, Špalj S, et al.
GlutathioneReduced tripeptide antioxidant
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · 2013
Mitochondrial glutathione: features, regulation and role in diseaseMarí M, Morales A, Colell A, et al.
Antioxidants · 2020
Mitochondrial Glutathione: Recent Insights and Role in DiseaseMarí M, de Gregorio E, de Dios C, et al.
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · 2017
Mitochondrial Glutathione: Regulation and FunctionsCalabrese G, Morgan B, Riemer J
OxytocinNonapeptide hormone
Physiological Reviews · 2001
The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulationGimpl G, Fahrenholz F
Neuron · 2008
Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humansBaumgartner T, Heinrichs M, Vonlanthen A, et al.
SS-31Elamipretide · mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide
Journal of Neuroinflammation · 2019
Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in miceZhao W, Xu Z, Cao J, et al.
GeroScience · 2023
The mitochondrially targeted peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria by increasing uptake through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)Pharaoh G, Kamat V, Kannan S, et al.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · 2017
Elamipretide (SS-31) Ameliorates Isoflurane-Induced Long-Term Impairments of Mitochondrial Morphogenesis and Cognition in Developing RatsWu J, Hao S, Sun XR, et al.
HumaninMitochondrial-derived peptide
Current Medicinal Chemistry · 2011
Advances in characterization of neuroprotective peptide, humaninArakawa T, Hirano A, Shiraki K, et al.
Neuroscience Letters · 2002
Evidence for in vivo production of Humanin peptide, a neuroprotective factor against Alzheimer's disease-related insultsTajima H, Niikura T, Hashimoto Y, et al.
Brain Research · 2008
Neuroprotective effect of humanin on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by a PI3K/Akt pathwayXu X, Chua CC, Gao J, et al.