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Research library

The literature behind each compound.

88 publications across 32 compounds, each linked to PubMed or the publisher. These are provided as reference material for laboratories and are not claims about any product sold here.

Dermal & Cosmetic Research

Copper peptides, signal peptides and melanocortin analogues studied in skin, collagen and pigmentation models.

GHK-CuCopper tripeptide

  1. FEBS Letters · 1988

    Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, et al.

  2. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition · 2008

    The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodelingPickart L

  3. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · 2012

    The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive healthPickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A

AHK-CuCopper tripeptide

  1. Archives of Pharmacal Research · 2007

    The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitroPyo HK, Yoo HG, Won CH, et al.

ArgirelineAcetyl hexapeptide-8

  1. International Journal of Cosmetic Science · 2002

    A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activityBlanes-Mira C, Clemente J, Jodas G, et al.

  2. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2013

    The anti-wrinkle efficacy of argireline, a synthetic hexapeptide, in Chinese subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled studyWang Y, Wang M, Xiao S, et al.

MatrixylPalmitoyl pentapeptide-4

  1. International Journal of Cosmetic Science · 2005

    Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skinRobinson LR, Fitzgerald NC, Doughty DG, et al.

  2. Biomolecules & Therapeutics · 2014

    Dermal Stability and In Vitro Skin Permeation of Collagen Pentapeptides (KTTKS and palmitoyl-KTTKS)Choi YL, Park EJ, Kim E, et al.

  3. Journal of Cosmetic Science · 2019

    Effect of Palmitic Acid Conjugation on Physicochemical Properties of Peptide KTTKS: A Preformulation StudyMortazavi SM, Kobarfard F, Maibach HI, et al.

Melanotan IAfamelanotide · α-MSH analogue

  1. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · 1997

    Skin pigmentation and pharmacokinetics of melanotan-I in humansUgwu SO, Blanchard J, Dorr RT, et al.

  2. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · 2015

    Afamelanotide (CUV1647) in dermal phototoxicity of erythropoietic protoporphyriaMinder EI, Schneider-Yin X

  3. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · 1998

    Discovery and development of novel melanogenic drugs. Melanotan-I and -IIHadley ME, Hruby VJ, Blanchard J, et al.

Melanotan IICyclic α-MSH analogue

  1. Life Sciences · 1996

    Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical studyDorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, et al.

  2. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior · 2006

    The melanocortin agonist, melanotan II, enhances proceptive sexual behaviors in the female ratRössler AS, Pfaus JG, Kia HK, et al.

PT-141Bremelanotide · MC4R agonist

  1. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2003

    PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunctionMolinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, et al.

EpithalonTetrapeptide AEDG

  1. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2003

    Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cellsKhavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA

  2. International Journal of Cancer · 2002

    Inhibitory effect of the peptide epitalon on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic miceAnisimov VN, Khavinson VK, Provinciali M, et al.

  3. Molecules · 2020

    AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic MechanismKhavinson V, Diomede F, Mironova E, et al.

Tissue Repair Research

Compounds studied in tendon, ligament, gut and vascular injury models.

BPC-157Pentadecapeptide

  1. World Journal of Gastroenterology · 2004

    Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in ratsXue XC, Wu YJ, Gao MT, et al.

  2. Neural Regeneration Research · 2022

    Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous systemVukojevic J, Milavić M, Perović D, et al.

  3. Burns · 2005

    The stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, given locally, improves CO2 laser healing in miceBilic M, Bumber Z, Blagaic AB, et al.

TB-500Thymosin β4 fragment

  1. FASEB Journal · 2003

    The actin binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesisPhilp D, Huff T, Gho YS, et al.

  2. FASEB Journal · 2010

    Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequencesSosne G, Qiu P, Goldstein AL, et al.

  3. The EMBO Journal · 1996

    The actin binding site of thymosin beta 4 mapped by mutational analysisVan Troys M, Dewitte D, Goethals M, et al.

KPVα-MSH tripeptide

  1. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · 2008

    Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel diseaseKannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al.

  2. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · 2003

    Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptidesGetting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M

  3. Gastroenterology · 2008

    PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammationDalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, et al.

LL-37Human cathelicidin

  1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 1995

    FALL-39, a putative human peptide antibiotic, is cysteine-free and expressed in bone marrow and testisAgerberth B, Gunne H, Odeberg J, et al.

  2. Blood · 2001

    Human cathelicidin, hCAP-18, is processed to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by extracellular cleavage with proteinase 3Sørensen OE, Follin P, Johnsen AH, et al.

  3. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · 2006

    LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptidesDürr UH, Sudheendra US, Ramamoorthy A

Thymosin Alpha-1Immune-signalling peptide

  1. World Journal of Virology · 2020

    Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literatureDominari A, Hathaway D 3rd, Pandav K, et al.

  2. International Journal of Infectious Diseases · 2015

    Thymosin alpha1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysisLi C, Bo L, Liu Q, et al.

  3. Vitamins and Hormones · 2016

    Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 TreatmentKing R, Tuthill C

Metabolic Research

Incretin analogues, amylin analogues and mitochondrial-derived peptides used in metabolism and body-composition research.

RetatrutideGIP / GLP-1 / glucagon triple agonist

  1. Lancet · 2022

    LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trialUrva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al.

  2. The New England Journal of Medicine · 2023

    Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity: A Phase 2 TrialJastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al.

  3. Lancet · 2023

    Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USARosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff AM, et al.

TirzepatideGIP / GLP-1 dual agonist

  1. Molecular Metabolism · 2018

    LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of conceptCoskun T, Sloop KW, Loghin C, et al.

  2. The New England Journal of Medicine · 2021

    Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 DiabetesFrías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al.

  3. The New England Journal of Medicine · 2022

    Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of ObesityJastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.

SemaglutideGLP-1 receptor agonist

  1. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · 2015

    Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue SemaglutideLau J, Bloch P, Schäffer L, et al.

  2. The New England Journal of Medicine · 2016

    Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 DiabetesMarso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.

  3. The New England Journal of Medicine · 2021

    Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or ObesityWilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al.

CagrilintideLong-acting amylin analogue

  1. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · 2021

    Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin AnalogueKruse T, Hansen JL, Dahl K, et al.

  2. Lancet · 2021

    Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trialLau DCW, Erichsen L, Francisco AM, et al.

  3. Lancet · 2021

    Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2·4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trialEnebo LB, Berthelsen KK, Kankam M, et al.

MOTS-cMitochondrial-derived peptide

  1. Cell Metabolism · 2015

    The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistanceLee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al.

  2. Free Radical Biology and Medicine · 2016

    MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolismLee C, Kim KH, Cohen P

  3. Aging Cell · 2015

    The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c: a player in exceptional longevity?Fuku N, Pareja-Galeano H, Zempo H, et al.

AOD-9604hGH fragment 176–191

  1. Hormone Research · 2000

    Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormoneNg FM, Sun J, Sharma L, et al.

  2. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders · 2001

    Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragmentHeffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, et al.

  3. Drug Testing and Analysis · 2015

    Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604Cox HD, Smeal SJ, Hughes CM, et al.

5-Amino-1MQNNMT inhibitor · small molecule

  1. Biochemical Pharmacology · 2018

    Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in miceNeelakantan H, Vance V, Wetzel MD, et al.

  2. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · 2021

    Development and validation of LC-MS/MS assay for 5-amino-1-methyl quinolinium in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic and oral bioavailability studiesAwosemo O, Neelakantan H, Watowich S, et al.

  3. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · 2021

    Small molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase shows anti-proliferative activity in HeLa cellsAkar S, Duran T, Azzawri AA, et al.

TesamorelinGHRH(1–44) analogue

  1. Annals of Pharmacotherapy · 2012

    Tesamorelin: a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue for HIV-associated lipodystrophySpooner LM, Olin JL

  2. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 2010

    Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension dataFalutz J, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, et al.

  3. AIDS · 2008

    Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulationFalutz J, Allas S, Mamputu JC, et al.

Growth Hormone Secretagogues

GHRH analogues and ghrelin-receptor agonists studied for growth hormone release in laboratory models.

IpamorelinPentapeptide GHS-R agonist

  1. European Journal of Endocrinology · 1998

    Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogueRaun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al.

  2. Growth Hormone & IGF Research · 1999

    Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in ratsJohansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, et al.

  3. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · 1998

    A new series of highly potent growth hormone-releasing peptides derived from ipamorelinAnkersen M, Johansen NL, Madsen K, et al.

SermorelinGHRH(1–29) amide

  1. BioDrugs · 1999

    Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiencyPrakash A, Goa KL

  2. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 1996

    Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapyThorner M, Rochiccioli P, Colle M, et al.

  3. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · 1983

    In vivo biological potency of rat and human growth hormone-releasing factor and fragments of human growth hormone-releasing factorWehrenberg WB, Ling N

Kisspeptin-10KISS1R agonist decapeptide

  1. Journal of Neuroendocrinology · 2004

    Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axisThompson EL, Patterson M, Murphy KG, et al.

  2. Journal of Cell Science · 2004

    Kisspeptin-10, a KiSS-1/metastin-derived decapeptide, is a physiological invasion inhibitor of primary human trophoblastsBilban M, Ghaffari-Tabrizi N, Hintermann E, et al.

  3. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · 2011

    Kisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in menGeorge JT, Veldhuis JD, Roseweir AK, et al.

Cognitive & Sleep Research

Neuropeptides investigated in cognition, stress and sleep-regulation studies.

SemaxACTH(4–7) heptapeptide analogue

  1. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2003

    Effect of Semax peptide on survival of cultured rat pheochromocytoma cells during oxidative stressSafarova ER, Shram SI, Zolotarev YA, et al.

  2. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · 2004

    The neuroprotective effects of Semax in conditions of MPTP-induced lesions of the brain dopaminergic systemLevitskaya NG, Sebentsova EA, Andreeva LA, et al.

  3. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · 2010

    Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemiaDmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, Skvortsova VI, et al.

SelankTuftsin analogue heptapeptide

  1. Protein and Peptide Letters · 2018

    Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological ActivityVyunova TV, Andreeva L, Shevchenko K, et al.

  2. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2022

    Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in RatsKonstantinopolsky MA, Chernyakova IV, Kolik LG

DSIPDelta sleep-inducing peptide

  1. Journal of Neurochemistry · 2006

    Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddleKovalzon VM, Strekalova TV

  2. Peptides · 1986

    Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): an updateGraf MV, Kastin AJ

  3. Experientia · 1981

    The influence of synthetic DSIP (delta-sleep-inducing-peptide) on disturbed human sleepSchneider-Helmert D, Schoenenberger GA

Cellular & Immune Research

Cofactors, antioxidants, antimicrobial peptides and immune-signalling peptides for cell-biology research.

NAD+Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

  1. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental · 2022

    Regulation of NAD(+) metabolism in aging and diseaseChu X, Raju RP

  2. Ageing Research Reviews · 2018

    NAD metabolism: Implications in aging and longevityYaku K, Okabe K, Nakagawa T

  3. International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2023

    The Central Role of the NAD+ Molecule in the Development of Aging and the Prevention of Chronic Age-Related Diseases: Strategies for NAD+ ModulationPoljšak B, Kovač V, Špalj S, et al.

GlutathioneReduced tripeptide antioxidant

  1. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · 2013

    Mitochondrial glutathione: features, regulation and role in diseaseMarí M, Morales A, Colell A, et al.

  2. Antioxidants · 2020

    Mitochondrial Glutathione: Recent Insights and Role in DiseaseMarí M, de Gregorio E, de Dios C, et al.

  3. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · 2017

    Mitochondrial Glutathione: Regulation and FunctionsCalabrese G, Morgan B, Riemer J

OxytocinNonapeptide hormone

  1. Physiological Reviews · 2001

    The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulationGimpl G, Fahrenholz F

  2. Neuron · 2008

    Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humansBaumgartner T, Heinrichs M, Vonlanthen A, et al.

SS-31Elamipretide · mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide

  1. Journal of Neuroinflammation · 2019

    Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in miceZhao W, Xu Z, Cao J, et al.

  2. GeroScience · 2023

    The mitochondrially targeted peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria by increasing uptake through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)Pharaoh G, Kamat V, Kannan S, et al.

  3. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · 2017

    Elamipretide (SS-31) Ameliorates Isoflurane-Induced Long-Term Impairments of Mitochondrial Morphogenesis and Cognition in Developing RatsWu J, Hao S, Sun XR, et al.

HumaninMitochondrial-derived peptide

  1. Current Medicinal Chemistry · 2011

    Advances in characterization of neuroprotective peptide, humaninArakawa T, Hirano A, Shiraki K, et al.

  2. Neuroscience Letters · 2002

    Evidence for in vivo production of Humanin peptide, a neuroprotective factor against Alzheimer's disease-related insultsTajima H, Niikura T, Hashimoto Y, et al.

  3. Brain Research · 2008

    Neuroprotective effect of humanin on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by a PI3K/Akt pathwayXu X, Chua CC, Gao J, et al.